How to Approach the Instructions of Writing for an Academic Discussion Task in TOEFL iBT「如何理解托福iBT学术讨论写作任务题干中的写作要求」

Academic Discussion Task in TOEFL iBT

–Writing for an Academic Discussion Task in TOEFL iBT | Image by The Alphabet

Key Points

  • TOEFL iBT Writing for an Academic Discussion(学术讨论写作)任务核心考察考生在10分钟内完成一篇不少于100单词数的简单议论文写作。

  • 考生需要在具体写作中对讨论话题做出“贡献”:给出新的细节或例证去支撑已有观点,或者给出新的观点以及支撑该观点的细节或者例证。

最新版TOEFL iBT(以下简称托福)考试自从2023年7月26日正式实施以来,已有不少考生在新版考试中收获了不错的成绩。随着考试的陆续推进,托福考试官方对不少考生进行了考后用户体验采访。这些考后体验访谈的关注点主要聚焦于三大维度:整体考试时长、产品界面UI设计、Wring for an Academic Discussion(以下简称学术讨论写作)。

对于新写作题型——学术讨论写作的考场体验,部分考生的直观感受是“写作变简单了”;“写作题型最强烈的感觉是简短了很多,整个考试要求只需要达到一百多字就可以,回答起来特别的快,没一会就结束了”等。具体信息可以参考托福考试官方微信公众号「TOEFL托福考试官方」文章之考场直击|缩短版的托福是什么体验?

我们曾在文章TOEFL iBT Writing for an Academic Discussion「托福 iBT学术讨论写作」中就该题型基础信息做了综合说明。

本系列将在上述文章基础上对该题型进行更加详细地解读,重点围绕题型本质、评分标准及典型范文、核心语言能力习得及科学回答策略三大板块进行深入技术分析;此文为该系列文章的第一篇:解读学术讨论写作题型本质。

The Fundamental Structure of Wiring for an Academic Discussion Task

在对该题型本质进行详细阐述前,我们先通过一个ETS官方发布的视频对其基本构成进行直观感知。

–TOEFL iBT Writing for an Academic Discussion Introduction | Video by TOEFL Official

可以看出,该写作题型为“在线讨论”形式。考生在具体写作之前会阅读到一个在线讨论:一位教授会首先给出一个常见的讨论话题,然后就该话题提出一个问题;同时,考生将阅读到两名学生对教授的话题及提问所给出的简要回应。考生的核心任务就是就给定信息,用10分钟时间撰写一篇不少于100单词且有助于该讨论的小短文。

具体来讲,考试界面可以被划分为如下图示中的四大区域:

Wrirting-for-Academic-Discusssion-Question-Format-Divisons

–TOEFL iBT Writing for Academic Discussion Question Format | Image by The Alphabet
–Notice: Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ only for demonstration, not shown in the real test

通过上述考试界面布局图我们可以看到,区域I为Instructions,即写作任务的要求;区域II为写作给定的Topic及Question,即教授给定的本次写作话题以及对应提问;区域III为Students Responses,即两位学生对该话题以及提问各自给出的回答;区域IV为考生自主完成写作任务的区域。

Instructions Analysis in-Depth

考试界面的Instructions区域需要考生重点关注,因为这个区域给出了该写作任务的最本质要求。考生需要对这两条写作要求深刻理解,以便最终有效地完成该任务。具体分析如下:

  • express and support your opinion

  • make a contribution to the discussion

其一,表达并支持你的观点。结合上图样本问题示意,考生需要就给定问题——如果你是一名政策制定者,教育与环境保护哪个对你更重要?——发表自己的观点。此外,考生还要回答Why,即为什么你持有那样的观点?这一条写作要求的核心实际上就是要求考生完成基本的论证(Argument)结构:就给定话题给出自己的论点、论据、论证。

其二,为讨论做出贡献。这点很重要,考生需要准确理解什么是为讨论做出贡献,我们同样结合样题中给定的信息进行详细解读。

可以看到在区域III Students Responses中,学生Kelly与Paul分别表达了他们各自的观点并给出了理由支撑各自的观点。kelly认为环境保护比教育更重要,她的理由主要概括为:我们都生活在地球上,并且这是我们生活的唯一星球;另外,Kelly认为真正的问题是什么样的环保措施,例如限制污染、鼓励新能源等,应该成为政府考虑的优先级。与此相对应的是,Paul认为教育比环境保护重要,他给出的理由可以概括为:教育是环境保护的最佳方式,因为受教育的人能够理解他们的决定是如何影响环境的;此外,通过教育可以发展科学与技术去解决环境问题。

那到底如何写作才能为整个讨论做“贡献”呢?理论上来讲,考生可以从如下几个角度入手。

考生可以选择同意Kelly的观点,即认为环境保护比教育更重要。此时,考生需要做的是核心任务便是添加新的细节或者例证去进一步支撑Kelly的观点(也即考生的观点)。如下给出一个简答写作范例做举例说明。

If I were a decision-maker in the debate over education and environmental protection, I would argue for putting more resources into safeguarding the environment. This is because investing more in keeping the environment safe can help avoid big problems such as floods, hurricanes, and typhoons.

Especially in places where natural disasters are common, it is really important to focus on protecting the environment. For example, in a coastal area facing a possible hurricane, using money to build strong barriers against storms and helping people get to safe areas become really necessary to save lives and stop big damages. Doing this is more urgent than spending money on education programs.

If people could live in a place where they do not have to worry about natural disasters. Their lives and properties they own would be safe. This means governments would not have to pay back people for the big losses they suffer when these disasters happen. So, by spending more on protecting the environment, governments can not only save lives but also save money. Moreover, this extra money could then be used for education programs.

上述范例在具体例证过程中采用的核心细节与例证可概括为:“在一些遭受自然灾害严重的区域,环境保护比教育更重要。在这些区域,政府应该配备更多的资源用于建造风暴潮屏障、疏散居民以保证公民的生命财产安全,这样政府就不用为因自然灾害造成的更大损失而买单。因此,在环境保护方面投入更多资金不仅可以挽救生命,还可以为政府节省资金,然后可用于教育计划。”

另外,考生也可以选择同意Paul的观点,即教育比环境保护重要。此时,考生的写作焦点就变化为添加一些新的细节或例证去论证为什么教育更重要。如下给出一个样本范例概述。

As far as I am concerned, education should be prioritized when governments consider how and where to allocate their funding.

In addition to the point Paul mentioned in the discussion that more funding in education can help us develop solutions to alleviate or even eradicate environmental problems, investing more money in education programs equips citizens with better knowledge and skills, securing their edge in global job markets. This is especially true in regions grappling with poverty and underdevelopment, where education becomes a catalyst for change, and allocating resources to education empowers individuals with knowledge and skills to break the cycle of poverty. In those areas, the main source of financial funding for educational institutions comes from governments.

If governments prioritize education programs, educational organizations, whether universities or training schools, would have greater chances to gain enough money to purchase teaching facilities and experimental equipment, as well as compensate researchers and teaching staff. This, in turn, strengthens opportunities for citizens to access advanced education or training programs that would prepare them for success in this ever-changing world. Therefore, education funding has a bigger overall impact on improving human lives than investment in environmental protections alone.

这里考生添加的核心细节与例证可概括为:“更多的教育资金投资可以帮助教育机构去购置教育相关的教学设施、实验设备以及支付教职工薪水,从而确保一个良好的教育环境,帮助公民接受优质的教育技能培训,提高他们的职场竞争力。因此,教育对改善人类生活的总体影响大于环境保护。”

最后,考生也可以选择“两者兼顾”,即认为教育与环境保护的重要性在不同的情形下优先级不同,需结合具体情况讨论。这时,考生可以选择在不同的情况下挑选对应的细节及例证去支撑相应的观点。下面同样给出一个简单的写作范例。

In essence, the prioritization of environmental protections or education depends on the specific context and the challenges a society faces.

When a country’s main goal is to build a skilled and capable workforce, investing more in education becomes crucial. This is especially important in places where industries are growing rapidly. In such cases, governments might allocate more funds to schools and training programs that provide practical skills needed for jobs in industries such as manufacturing or technology. This approach ensures that the workforce is well-equipped to meet the demands of the evolving job market.

On the other hand, in areas where pollution is a serious problem and directly affects people’s health, prioritizing environmental protections is of utmost importance. In densely populated urban centers like Delhi, India, where air quality poses significant health risks, addressing pollution emerges as a top priority. Distributing more resources to implement effective policies, embrace renewable energy solutions, and enhance waste management practices are essential steps toward creating a cleaner environment. Failing to take action could lead to severe health consequences and further environmental deterioration.

The Essence of Wiring for an Academic Discussion Task

综上所述,我们发现新版TOEFL iBT 中的Writing for an Academic Discussion「学术讨论写作」任务的本质围绕两大能力展开。

能力一:构建论证(Argument)。考生整个写作任务实际上是就给定话题及问题发表自己的观点,然后选取合理的例证或细节,外加科学的论证方式去支撑自己的观点。

能力二:为讨论做出贡献。具体来讲,做出贡献的方式可以有如下两种选择。

  • 选择已有学生观点作为自己的观点。这时,考生需要添加新的细节与例证,辅以合理的论证方式进一步支撑该观点,最终完成论证的构建以及为讨论做出贡献。

  • 选择自立门户——给出与两位学生不同的观点。同理,考生需要添加恰当的细节或例证以及科学的论证方式去支持该观点,从而最终同样实现论证的构建以及为讨论做贡献。

最后需要提醒大家的是在具体写作中一定不能只是简单重复两位学生已经给出的观点或细节,因为这种做法并没有为整个讨论做出任何贡献。

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